Page 1 PROPOSAL FOR HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS ST ScI Use Only ID 4611c Report Date: 09-May-96:19:44 Version: ********** Check-in Date: ********** 1.Proposal Title: DYNAMICS, MASS LOSS AND RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN SHOCKED ATMOSPHERES: S CAR AS PROTOTYPE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Scientific Category 3. Proposal For 4. Proposal Type 5. Continuation ID COOL STARS GO Sub Category PULSATING STARS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Principal Investigator Institution Country Telephone Dr. Jay A. Bookbinder SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OB USA (617) 495-7058 ASTROPHYSICIST ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. Abstract Our previous IUE programs to study the evolution of the shock structure of Miras have produced high-dispersion spectra of the highly variable Mg II h and k emission lines. These lines possess unusual properties that appear to be common among Miras, including strong variability on timescales as short as 2 days, and emission centroids that are shifted relative to the stellar radial velocity well in excess of the presumed wind or shock velocity. We propose to obtain a series of closely-spaced high dispersion Mg II observations to (i) constrain the short timescale (hours to days) behavior of these lines; with the possibility of determining whether sound waves -- as opposed to radiation pressure on dust -- are contributing to the mass loss and (ii) probe the radiative transfer effects in a multiply shocked atmosphere, which will provide unique observational inputs to the newly emerging class of theoretical radiative transfer problems of resonance line transfer (including partial redistribution) across shock fronts. This investigation into the dynamic structure of extended stellar atmospheres is part of the broader question of mass loss in evolved cool stars and their influence on the ISM. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. Scientific Key Words: STARS:PULSATING STARS:SHOCKS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9. Est obs time (hours) pri: 20.06 par: 0 10. Num targs pri: 1 par: 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11. Instruments requested: HRS FOS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12. Special sched req: Time Critical obs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Page 2 I. GENERAL FORM Proposal 4611c PI: Dr. Jay A. Bookbinder Proposal Title: DYNAMICS, MASS LOSS AND RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN SHOCKED ATMOSPHERES: S CAR AS PROTOTYPE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Proposers: Proposers Institution Country ESA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dr. Jay A. Bookbinder SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL USA OBSERVATORY Dr. Ken G. Carpenter GSFC USA Dr. Alex 1. Brown JILA USA Dr. Frank J. Pijpers UPPSALA ASTONOMICAL OBSERVATORY SWEEDEN Dr. Ed 2. Brugel CASA USA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Description of proposed observations. We have selected the Mira S Carinae as our target for detailed, high-dispersion observations because it is the only Mira that possesses a radial velocity high enough (+289 km s$^{-1}$, about 3 \AA\ at Mg~II) to shift the cores of its emission lines ({\it e.g.}, Mg~II {\it h} and {\it k}, and Ly-$\alpha$) away from the ISM absorption, thus making interpretation significantly more straightforward. It is also one of the UV brightest Miras, and has a short period (P = 149d) that permits relatively easy scheduling. However, the physics of its atmosphere and the behavior of its Mg~II lines is not unique, and is typical of that of other Miras (Bookbinder, Brugel and Brown 1989, 1992). To determine the short timescale variability of the atmosphere will require five observations, separated by 0.01 in phase, with the initial observation at about optical phase 0.3 to 0.4 The range of phases ($\approx$ 0.06) and number of observations (five) were selected to match the periods of sound wave periods if they are due to higher order mode oscillations; we expect to see variability on a range of timescales from a few minutes, to hours, and to days. The proposed observations are sensitive to all of these timescales. On each of these five dates, observations of the Mg~II {\it h} and {\it k} line profiles will be made using the GHRS with the ECH-B on HST. To obtain the Mg~II {\it h} and {\it k} line profiles with adequate velocity resolution ($\lapprox$ 5 km s$^{-1}$) and good photometric accuracy, we will employ the R=100,000 mode of the GHRS, using the ECH-B grating at 2800 \AA\ and the LSA. This combination (ECH-B,LSA) was selected over (G270M,SSA) because of difficulty in performing photometric observations with the SSA. It was also selected because of the uncertainties involved in using deconvolved line profiles for studying profile variability. The combination of the ECH-B and the LSA provide high throughput and adequate spectral resolution, despite problems associated with the imperfect PSF. Additional observations will be made to obtain data on the weaker intersystem lines and other diagnostics, also using the LSA. The intersystem lines of C~II] are important because they provide an excellent density diagnostic (formed at the same temperature as the Mg~II lines) when observed with G270M grating. This observation will also obtain the Si~II] line at 2335 \AA. The C~II] and Si~II] lines are optically thin, therefore also provide information on the velocity field of post-shock regime (from the centroid of the emission, Judge 1987). The GHRS spectra of these intersystem lines will be obtained using the LSA with the G270M grating centered at 2335 \AA. Finally, a set of exposures on the first and last observing days using the FOS with the G130H grating (with the 0.25 $\times$ 2'' slit) will provide the first information (at moderate spectral resolution) on the existence of other potential UV diagnostics for Miras. Such diagnostics are expected to include a number of lines neutral and low ionized lines such as Fe~II, S~I, C~I, C~II, O~I], and perhaps Ly-$\alpha$. Page 3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. Justification of need for HST observations. As we indicate above, our primary goal is to obtain high resolution Mg~II line {\it h} and {\it k} line profiles over the course of a single shock cycle, with supporting observations of a number of density diagnostics and temperature sensitive lines. We have carefully considered the various alternatives available regarding trade-offs between spectral resolution and sensitivity. Clearly, for variability studies it is also important to maintain photometric accuracy. This combination of requirements led us to select the ECH-B and LSA to achieve the primary goals of this proposal. {\bf The multiple observations over the course of five to seven days will allow us to determine the flux and profile changes that occur in a regime to which IUE is insensitive and which are in the regime where sound waves are important.} Our required exposure times for a high dispersion GHRS spectrum of the Mg~II~{\it h} and {\it k} lines, and a S/N $\approx 20$ at the half-power points, are $\approx$ 45 minutes near the peak (with a typical Mg~II~{\it k} line-center flux $\approx$ 3 $\times$ $10^{-13}$ ergs cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ \AA$^{-1}$; Bookbinder, Brugel, and Brown 1989, Davis, Brugel, and Bookbinder 1992). These exposure times are based on our extensive previous experience with the IUE spectra (see Figure 1), and the sensitivity of the ECH-B using the Large Science Aperture (based on the GHRS Handbook dated Jan. 1992). However, since our primary interest is in characterizing the variability timescales, we note that flux variations at the 10\% level will be observable (at $\approx$ 4 $\sigma$) in about 5 minutes. Thus, with a 60 minute observation, rather than 45, each of our five observations will contain at least 10 samples with which to search for evidence of very rapid variability. The 60 minute exposures are also long enough to yield spectra with a S/N adequate for accurate atmospheric modeling and studying the changes in the emission and absorption features as a result of the shock evolution. These exposures are also long enough to yield a S/N $>$ 5 in the line wings, a fact which is particularly important for this experiment: a glance at Figure 1 shows that much of the profile variability is occurring in the line wings. Similarly, we have estimated the exposure times required for the C~II] lines based on our deep (600 min) IUE LWP- HI exposure. To obtain the C~II] lines (2325 \AA, which have a flux of about 2 $\times$ 10$^{-14}$ ergs cm$^{-2}$ sec$^{-1}$)) at a S/N = 10 -- necessary to be able to use the multiplet as a density diagnostic -- will require an exposure time of 75 minutes using the G270M grating and the LSA. We consider this density diagnostic important enough to pursue, despite the cost in observing time. The FOS exposure times are based on being able to obtain a S/N = 4 down to a limiting flux of 5 $\times$ 10$^{-15}$ ergs cm$^{-2}$ sec$^{-1}$ (near 1240 \AA); about 60 minutes is required for these exposures. Because of the length of these observations, they will only be made on the first and last of the observing days. This program has a total observing time of 13.25 hours. We have estimated the spacecraft time and observing efficiency with the following factors: T$_{exp}$= 795 min, N$_{exp}$= 12, N$_{obj}$= 1, N{RT} 0, N{OA}=7, N$_{vis}$ = 5 Thus, we arrive at a total spacecraft time of 19.44 hours, and an observing efficiency of 68.1\%, following the prescription of the Phase I Proposal Instructions (5/92), p.17. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Description of special scheduling requirements. The proposed observations are time-critical, as the flux of the Mg~II {\it h} and {\it k} lines depends strongly on the phase of the pulsation in Mira variables (Brugel, Willson and Cadmus 1986), with the peak flux usually between phases 0.1 and 0.3 for each shock cycle (see also Figure 1). To obtain our stated science goals requires a total of 5 observing runs, spaced approximately one day apart. With a pulsation period of 149 days for S Car, it is relatively straightforward to schedule the observations, since we do not care at which of the maxima we observe. Also, the start dates of observation are flexible $\pm$ 5 days. Page 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Description of special calibration exposures. In order to obtain the highly accurate wavelength calibrations that are necessary to compare the five Mg~II line profiles, and to study the small-scale changes that are expected, we request a Pt lamp calibration exposure immediately following each GHRS spectrum taken with ECH-B. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11. Address Information Name: JAY A. BOOKBINDER Category: PI Institution: SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVA Address: 60 GARDEN STREET City: CAMBRIDGE State: MA Zip Code: 02138 Country: USA Telephone: (617)495-7058 Telex (or e-mail): ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET LIST a) Fixed Targets ID = 4611c [ 5] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tar| Target | Target | Target |Coord | Radial |Acqui|FLX| Flux data No | Name | Description | Position |Eqnx | Vel. |Prblm|REF| | | | | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 HD88366 A,142,147 RA = 10H 09M 22.52S +/- 2000 V = +289 1 V = 6.3 +/- 1.3 HR3999 S-CAR 0.15S, 2 B-V = 1.6 +/- 0.3 DEC = -61D 33' 00.48" +/- 3 F-LINE(2880) = 1 +/- 0.5 E-12 0.6" 4 W-LINE(2880) = 0.7 +/- 0.2 5 F-LINE(2325) = 2 +/- 0.5 E-14 6 W-LINE(2325) = 0.3 +/- 0.2 7 U-B = 1.75 +/- 0.4 Comments: RM_PM_VAL IN *SECONDS PER YEAR*, NOT ARC -SEC PER YEAR, AS PER THE LATEST INSTRUCTIONS. COORDS, PM VALUES FROM SAO CATALOG. COORDS, PM MAY BE UPDATED V MAX = 4.5, V MIN = 9.0 Epoch of Position RA proper motion (seconds of time/yr) DEC Proper Motion (arcsec/yr) Annual Parallax (arcsec) J 2000.00 -0.0129 +/- 0.0000 0.0660 +/- 0.0000 0.0000 +/- 0.0000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 4611c [ 6] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 HD88366 FOS/BL ACQ/ 4.3 G570H 1850- SEARCH-SIZE-X=1 1 2S 1 2 CYCLE 3 PEAK 5500 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=3 2 SEQ 1-7.5 WITHIN SCAN-STEP-Y=1.4 7D TYPE=UP ONBOARD ACQ FOR 1.1 Comments: EXPECTED COUNT RATE = THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE CHECKED WITH THE FOS TEAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.1 HD88366 FOS/BL ACQ/ 1.0 G570H 1850- SEARCH-SIZE-X=6 1 3S 1 2 CYCLE 3 PEAK 5500 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=2 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR SCAN-STEP- 1.2 X=0.700 SCAN-STEP- Y=0.700 Comments: EXPECTED COUNT RATE = THE TIME TYPE=UP PER EXPOSURE MUST BE CHECKED WITH THE FOS TEAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.2 HD88366 FOS/BL ACQ/ 0.5 G570H 1850- SEARCH-SIZE-X=3 1 4S 1 2 CYCLE 3 PEAK 5500 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=3 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR SCAN-STEP- 1.3 X=0.35 SCAN-STEP- Y=0.35 Comments: EXPECTED COUNT RATE = THE TIME TYPE=UP PER EXPOSURE MUST BE CHECKED WITH THE FOS TEAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.3 HD88366 FOS/BL ACQ/ 0.25X2. G570H 1850- SEARCH-SIZE-X=7 1 10S 1 2 CYCLE 3 PEAK 0 5500 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=1 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR SCAN-STEP- 2.0 X=0.067 TYPE=UP Comments: EXPECTED COUNT RATE = THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE CHECKED WITH THE FOS TEAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 HD88366 FOS/BL ACCUM 0.25X2. G160L 1650- 1 60M 5 3 2 CYCLE 3 0 2503 4 Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATIONS TO OBTAIN MISC. DIAGNOSTICS. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 HD88366 HRS ACQ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 BRIGHT=RETURN 1 100S 1 1 CYCLE 3 SEARCH-SIZE=5 2 AT 03-JAN-94 +/- LOCATE=YES 5D ONBOARD ACQ FOR 4.1 Comments: STEP-TIME = 4S EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. TIMING IS FOR PHASE 0.30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 4611c [ 7] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.1 HD88366 HRS ACQ/ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 1 306S 1 1 CYCLE 3 PEAKUP 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 5.0-7.5 Comments: STEP-TIME =3S;TEXP = 102X THIS. EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO SEQ 5.0-5.2 NON- COMB=FOUR INT CENSOR=NO CALIB FOR 5.1 NO DOPPLER=OFF SLEW Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES EXP TIME FOR ALL WAVECALS MUST BE CHECKED WITH GHRS TEAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5.1 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 6 5M 20 3 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO 4 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE MG II LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5.2 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO CALIB FOR 5.1 NO COMB=FOUR SLEW CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 G270M 2335 STEP-PATT=5 3 18.75M 20 5 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=FOUR 6 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE C II] LINES (AT +289 KM/S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7.3 HD88366 HRS ACQ/ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 1 306S 1 1 CYCLE 3 PEAKUP 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 7.31-7.5 Comments: STEP-TIME =3S;TEXP = 102X THIS. EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 4611c [ 8] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7.31 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO SEQ 7.31-7.5 NON- COMB=FOUR INT CENSOR=NO CALIB FOR 7.4 NO DOPPLER=OFF SLEW Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7.4 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 6 5M 20 3 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO 4 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE MG II LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7.5 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO CALIB FOR 7.4 NO COMB=FOUR SLEW CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 HD88366 HRS ACQ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 BRIGHT=RETURN 1 100S 1 1 CYCLE 3 SEARCH-SIZE=5 2 AFTER 5.0 BY 1D +/ LOCATE=YES - 5H ONBOARD ACQ FOR 8.1 Comments: STEP-TIME = 4S EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. SECOND SERIES OF OBSERVATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8.1 HD88366 HRS ACQ/ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 1 306S 1 1 CYCLE 3 PEAKUP 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 9.0-9.5 Comments: STEP-TIME =3S;TEXP = 102X THIS. EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO SEQ 9.0-9.2 NON- COMB=FOUR INT CENSOR=NO CALIB FOR 9.1 NO DOPPLER=OFF SLEW Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 4611c [ 9] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9.1 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 6 5M 20 3 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO 4 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE MG II LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9.2 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO CALIB FOR 9.1 NO COMB=FOUR SLEW CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9.25 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 G270M 2335 STEP-PATT=5 3 18.75M 20 5 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=FOUR 6 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE C II] LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9.3 HD88366 HRS ACQ/ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 1 306S 1 1 CYCLE 3 PEAKUP 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 9.31-9.5 Comments: STEP-TIME =3S;TEXP = 102X THIS. EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9.31 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO SEQ 9.31-9.5 NON- COMB=FOUR INT CENSOR=NO CALIB FOR 9.4 NO DOPPLER=OFF SLEW Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9.4 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 6 5M 20 3 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO 4 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE MG II LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 4611c [ 10] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9.5 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO CALIB FOR 9.4 NO COMB=FOUR SLEW CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 HD88366 HRS ACQ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 BRIGHT=RETURN 1 100S 1 1 CYCLE 3 SEARCH-SIZE=5 2 AFTER 5.0 BY 2D +/ LOCATE=YES - 5H ONBOARD ACQ FOR 10.1 Comments: STEP-TIME = 4S EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. THIRD SERIES OF OBSERVATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10.1 HD88366 HRS ACQ/ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 1 306S 1 1 CYCLE 3 PEAKUP 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 11.0-13.5 Comments: STEP-TIME =3S;TEXP = 102X THIS. EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO SEQ 11.0-11.2 NON- COMB=FOUR INT CENSOR=NO CALIB FOR 11.1 NO DOPPLER=OFF SLEW Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11.1 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 6 5M 20 3 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO 4 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE MG II LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11.2 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO CALIB FOR 11.1 NO COMB=FOUR SLEW CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 4611c [ 11] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 G270M 2335 STEP-PATT=5 3 18.75M 20 5 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=FOUR 6 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE C II] LINES (AT +289 KM/S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13.3 HD88366 HRS ACQ/ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 1 306S 1 1 CYCLE 3 PEAKUP 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 13.31-13.5 Comments: STEP-TIME =3S;TEXP = 102X THIS. EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13.31 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO SEQ 13.31-13.5 NON COMB=FOUR -INT CENSOR=NO CALIB FOR 13.4 NO DOPPLER=OFF SLEW Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13.4 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 6 5M 20 3 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO 4 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE MG II LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13.5 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO CALIB FOR 13.4 NO COMB=FOUR SLEW CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14 HD88366 HRS ACQ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 BRIGHT=RETURN 1 100S 1 1 CYCLE 3 SEARCH-SIZE=5 2 AFTER 5.0 BY 3D +/ LOCATE=YES - 5H ONBOARD ACQ FOR 14.1 Comments: STEP-TIME = 4S EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. FOURTH SERIES OF OBSERVATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 4611c [ 12] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14.1 HD88366 HRS ACQ/ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 1 306S 1 1 CYCLE 3 PEAKUP 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 15.0-15.5 Comments: STEP-TIME =3S;TEXP = 102X THIS. EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO SEQ 15.0-15.2 NON- COMB=FOUR INT CENSOR=NO CALIB FOR 15.1 NO DOPPLER=OFF SLEW Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15.1 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 6 5M 20 3 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO 4 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE MG II LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15.2 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO CALIB FOR 15.1 NO COMB=FOUR SLEW CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15.3 HD88366 HRS ACQ/ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 1 306S 1 1 CYCLE 3 PEAKUP 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 15.31-15.5 Comments: STEP-TIME =3S;TEXP = 102X THIS. EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15.31 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO SEQ 15.31-15.5 NON COMB=FOUR -INT CENSOR=NO CALIB FOR 15.4 NO DOPPLER=OFF SLEW Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 4611c [ 13] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15.4 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 6 5M 20 3 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO 4 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE MG II LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15.5 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO CALIB FOR 15.4 NO COMB=FOUR SLEW CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16 HD88366 HRS ACQ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 BRIGHT=RETURN 1 100S 1 1 CYCLE 3 SEARCH-SIZE=5 2 AFTER 5.0 BY 4D +/ LOCATE=YES - 5H SEQ 16.0 - 21.0 WITHIN 7D ONBOARD ACQ FOR Comments: STEP-TIME = 4S EXPECTED COUNT 16.1 RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. FIFTH SERIES OF OBSERVATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16.1 HD88366 HRS ACQ/ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 1 306S 1 1 CYCLE 3 PEAKUP 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 17.0-19.2 Comments: STEP-TIME =3S;TEXP = 102X THIS. EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO SEQ 17.0-17.2 NON- COMB=FOUR INT CENSOR=NO CALIB FOR 17.1 NO DOPPLER=OFF SLEW Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 4611c [ 14] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17.1 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 6 5M 20 3 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO 4 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE MG II LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17.2 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO CALIB FOR 17.1 NO COMB=FOUR SLEW CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 G270M 2335 STEP-PATT=5 3 18.75M 20 5 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=FOUR 6 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE C II] LINES (AT +289 KM/S) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18.5 HD88366 HRS ACQ/ 2.0 MIRROR-N2 1 306S 1 1 CYCLE 3 PEAKUP 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 19.0-19.2 Comments: STEP-TIME =3S;TEXP = 102X THIS. EXPECTED COUNT RATE = 540 CPS EXTRAPOLATED FROM GAMMA DRA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO SEQ 19.0-19.2 NON- COMB=FOUR INT CENSOR=NO CALIB FOR 19.1 NO DOPPLER=OFF SLEW Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19.1 HD88366 HRS ACCUM 2.0 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 6 5M 20 3 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO 4 COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=ON Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION THE MG II LINES (AT +289 KM/S) THE TIME PER EXPOSURE MUST BE 300S, RATHER THAN SOME RANDOM NUMBER. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 4611c [ 15] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19.2 WAVE HRS ACCUM SC2 ECH-B 2802 STEP-PATT=7 1 2.5M 20 1 CYCLE 3 FP-SPLIT=NO CALIB FOR 19.1 NO COMB=FOUR SLEW CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATION WAVECAL FOR THE MG II LINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20 HD88366 FOS/BL ACQ/ 4.3 G570H 1850- SEARCH-SIZE-X=1 1 2S 1 2 CYCLE 3 PEAK 5500 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=3 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR SCAN-STEP-Y=1.4 20.1 TYPE=UP Comments: EXPECTED COUNT RATE = EXP. TIME MUST BE CHECKED WITH THE FOS TEAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20.1 HD88366 FOS/BL ACQ/ 1.0 G570H 1850- SEARCH-SIZE-X=6 1 3S 1 2 CYCLE 3 PEAK 5500 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=2 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR SCAN-STEP- 20.2 X=0.700 SCAN-STEP- Y=0.700 Comments: EXPECTED COUNT RATE = EXP. TIME TYPE=UP MUST BE CHECKED WITH THE FOS TEAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20.2 HD88366 FOS/BL ACQ/ 0.5 G570H 1850- SEARCH-SIZE-X=3 1 4S 1 2 CYCLE 3 PEAK 5500 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=3 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR SCAN-STEP- 20.3 X=0.35 SCAN-STEP- Y=0.35 Comments: EXPECTED COUNT RATE = EXP. TIME TYPE=UP MUST BE CHECKED WITH THE FOS TEAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20.3 HD88366 FOS/BL ACQ/ 0.25X2. G570H 1850- SEARCH-SIZE-X=7 1 10S 1 2 CYCLE 3 PEAK 0 5500 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=1 2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR SCAN-STEP- 21.0 X=0.067 TYPE=UP Comments: EXPECTED COUNT RATE = EXP. TIME MUST BE CHECKED WITH THE FOS TEAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21 HD88366 FOS/BL ACCUM 0.25X2. G160L 1650- 1 60M 5 3 2 CYCLE 3 0 2503 4 Comments: SCIENCE OBSERVATIONS TO OBTAIN MISC. DIAGNOSTICS. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Summary Form for Proposal 4611c [ 16] Item Used in this proposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Configurations FOS/BL HRS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Opmodes ACQ/PEAK ACCUM ACQ ACQ/PEAKUP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Optional Parameters SEARCH-SIZE-X=1 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=3 SCAN-STEP-Y=1.4 TYPE=UP SEARCH-SIZE-X=6 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=2 SCAN-STEP-X=0.700 SCAN-STEP-Y=0.700 SEARCH-SIZE-X=3 SCAN-STEP-X=0.35 SCAN-STEP-Y=0.35 SEARCH-SIZE-X=7 SEARCH-SIZE-Y=1 SCAN-STEP-X=0.067 BRIGHT=RETURN SEARCH-SIZE=5 LOCATE=YES STEP-PATT=7 FP-SPLIT=NO COMB=FOUR CENSOR=NO DOPPLER=OFF DOPPLER=ON STEP-PATT=5 FP-SPLIT=FOUR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Proposal for GO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ S/C Hours 20.06 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Scientific Category COOL STARS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Scientific Sub-category PULSATING STARS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Special Requirements CYCLE 3; SEQ 1-7.5 WITHIN 7D; ONBOARD ACQ FOR 1.1 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 1.2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 1.3 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 2.0 CYCLE 3 AT 03-JAN-94 +/- 5D; ONBOARD ACQ FOR 4.1 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 5.0-7.5 SEQ 5.0-5.2 NON-INT; CALIB FOR 5.1 NO SLEW ONBOARD ACQ FOR 7.31-7.5 SEQ 7.31-7.5 NON-INT; CALIB FOR 7.4 NO SLEW AFTER 5.0 BY 1D +/- 5H; ONBOARD ACQ FOR 8.1 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 9.0-9.5 SEQ 9.0-9.2 NON-INT; CALIB FOR 9.1 NO SLEW ONBOARD ACQ FOR 9.31-9.5 SEQ 9.31-9.5 NON-INT; CALIB FOR 9.4 NO SLEW AFTER 5.0 BY 2D +/- 5H; ONBOARD ACQ FOR 10.1 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 11.0-13.5 SEQ 11.0-11.2 NON-INT; CALIB FOR 11.1 NO SLEW ONBOARD ACQ FOR 13.31-13.5 SEQ 13.31-13.5 NON-INT; CALIB FOR 13.4 NO SLEW AFTER 5.0 BY 3D +/- 5H; ONBOARD ACQ FOR 14.1 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 15.0-15.5 SEQ 15.0-15.2 NON-INT; CALIB FOR 15.1 NO SLEW ONBOARD ACQ FOR 15.31-15.5 SEQ 15.31-15.5 NON-INT; CALIB FOR 15.4 NO SLEW AFTER 5.0 BY 4D +/- 5H; SEQ 16.0 - 21.0 WITHIN 7D; ONBOARD ACQ FOR 16.1 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 17.0-19.2 SEQ 17.0-17.2 NON-INT; CALIB FOR 17.1 NO SLEW ONBOARD ACQ FOR 19.0-19.2 SEQ 19.0-19.2 NON-INT; CALIB FOR 19.1 NO SLEW ONBOARD ACQ FOR 20.1 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 20.2 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 20.3 ONBOARD ACQ FOR 21.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spectral Elements G570H G160L MIRROR-N2 ECH-B G270M ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target Names HD88366 HR3999 S-CAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------