Page 1 PROPOSAL FOR HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS ST ScI Use Only ID 1010c Report Date: 09-May-96:16:01 Version: ********** Check-in Date: ********** 1.Proposal Title: GRAVITATIONAL DEFLECTION OF LIGHT (BY JUPITER) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Scientific Category 3. Proposal For 4. Proposal Type 5. Continuation ID SOLAR SYSTEM GTO/AST Sub Category ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Principal Investigator Institution Country Telephone William H. Jefferys TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF USA (512) 471-4461 PROFESSOR OF ASTRON ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. Abstract We propose to measure the gravitational deflection of light by Jupiter. This will extend this classical test of general relativity to a mass regime three orders of magnitude lower than previously possible, with an expected accuracy of a few percent. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. Scientific Key Words: GRAVITATION; RELATIVITY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9. Est obs time (hours) pri: 4.00 par: 0 10. Num targs pri: 2 par: 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Page 2 I. GENERAL FORM Proposal 1010c PI: William H. Jefferys Proposal Title: GRAVITATIONAL DEFLECTION OF LIGHT (BY JUPITER) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Proposers: Proposers Institution Country ESA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ William H. Jefferys TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF USA Arthur L. Whipple TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF USA Otto G. Franz LOWELL OBSERVATORY USA William F. Van Altena YALE UNIVERSITY USA George F. Benedict TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF USA Raynor L. Duncombe TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF USA Paul D. Hemenway TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF USA Peter J. Shelus TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF USA Laurence W. Fredrick VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF USA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Description of proposed observations. The entire sequence of observations will take a few days. As Jupiter moves through a star field, relative measurements of 2 stars will be made on 4 occasions, with Jupiter in a different position on each occasion. It is important that the FGS be in the same position relative to the stars each time. The FGS will repeatedly measure the position of each star. In addition, we will perform ten transfer scans of each of the 2 stars so that we can use the transfer functions of these stars to better reduce the relative measurements of the stars. The total estimated exposure time is 4 hours. The 1994 opposition is not particularly favorable in terms of richness of the fields through which Jupiter will pass. We have chosen this field because the brightness of the stars will allow use of the pupil filter to reduce Jupiter's scattered light. We propose to schedule this observation during the 1994 opposition (cycle 4) unless we can find a better candidate. We are now investigating later oppositions to see if a more favorable situation can be found. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. Justification of need for HST observations. At present time, only the FGS has the inherent accuracy over a sufficiently large field of view to obtain accuracy at the few percent level. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Description of special scheduling requirements. For the observation to be successful, all exposures must be made while Jupiter is in the selected field. Thus a time limit from first to last exposure is the main constraint. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Description of special calibration exposures. The maximum uninterrupted exposure is 30 minutes, approximately. No special calibration is implied. Once the first set of observations have been obtained with a particular position and orientation, subsequent observation sets must also have the same position and orientation, for complete elimination of systematic effects due to residual optical distortion. The particular observations here described require off-nominal rolls, but are conducted within 60 degrees of the antisolar point. Page 3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. Data reduction and analysis plans. The ADRS GAUSSFIT program is designed to handle general data reduction problems for astrometry. A model appropriate to this problem will consist of a standard linear astrometric model, augmented by a term for the gravitational deflection of Jupiter. This is simple to incorporate into GAUSSFIT. All other aspects of the reduction will involve the standard calibrations built into SDAS and/or the astrometry data pipeline. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. Additional comments or special requests. Observations are time critical with respect to Jupiter's passage through the selected star field. When slewing the FGS between reference stars, care should be taken not to allow Jupiter to fall within the FGS aperture. The dates selected, 6/22/94 - 6/24/94, appear to be the best available during the 1994 opposition. The two stars are fairly bright and the use of the pupil filter will reduce the effect of Jupiter's scattered light. In case of failure to lock onto the targets, we are now looking at dates in subsequent oppositions that may provide favorable observing conditions. The V magnitudes and positions of the targets are from the GSSS. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10. Resources to be supplied by investigator's institution(s). We will augment SDAS computers with analysis on the UT Astrometry sun workstations and astrometry VAX computer. Support for RA's will come from our GTO funding. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13. The gravitational deflection of starlight by Jupiter is expected to be measured with an accuracy of a few percent. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11. Address Information Name: WILLIAM H. JEFFERYS Category: PI Institution: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS Address: ASTRONOMY DEPARTMENT City: AUSTIN State: TX Zip Code: 78712 Country: USA Telephone: (512) 471-4461 Telex (or e-mail): TEXASTRO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TARGET LIST a) Fixed Targets ID = 1010c [ 4] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tar| Target | Target | Target |Coord | Radial |Acqui|FLX| Flux data No | Name | Description | Position |Eqnx | Vel. |Prblm|REF| | | | | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 EIN1 TARGET STAR FOR RA = 213.08685D +/- 1", 2000 1 V = 11.62 +/- 0.5 EINSTEIN DEC = -12.02361D +/- 1" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 EIN2-REF REFERENCE STAR FOR RA = 213.1436917D +/- 1", 2000 1 V = 10.35 +/- 0.8 EINSTEIN DEC = -11.96097D +/- 1" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 1010c [ 5] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 50 DEFINE EIN1 FGS POS 3 PUPIL DATA-RATE=32 1 52S 10 1 # ORIENT 81D+/-0.3D EINPOS3 ACQ-DIST=5 SEQ 50-59 NON-INT POS TARG +36, +63 Comments: ORIENT USES SAME CONVENTION AS FOR THETA-OPT. IS THIS CORRECT? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51 ^ ^ EIN2-REF ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ SAME POS FOR 51-59 ^ AS 50 SAME ORIENT FOR 51 -59 AS 50 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 ^ ^ EIN1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 ^ ^ EIN2-REF ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54 ^ ^ EIN1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55 ^ ^ EIN2-REF ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 56 ^ ^ EIN1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 57 ^ ^ EIN2-REF ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 58 ^ ^ EIN1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 59 DEFINE EIN2-REF FGS POS 3 PUPIL DATA-RATE=32 1 52S 10 1 # EINPOS3 ACQ-DIST=5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61 DEFINE EIN1 FGS TRANS 3 PUPIL DATA-RATE=32 1 200S 10 1 # POS TARG +36, +63 CHECK31 SCANS=10 ORIENT 81D +/- STEP-SIZE=1.5 0.3D ACQ-MODE=SEARCH Comments: DETERMINE THE TRANSFER FUNCTION OF THIS STAR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 62 DEFINE EIN2-REF ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ POS TARG +272, - CHECK32 ^ 125 ORIENT 81D +/- 0.3D Comments: ^ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 300 USE 1 AT 21-JUN- EINPOS3 94:14:00:00 +/- 12H CRIT OBS CYCLE 4 / 300-305 SEQ 300-305 WITHIN 5D Comments: ALL OBSERVATIONS MUST BE MADE WITH THE SAME SPACECRAFT POSITION AND AND ORIENTATION. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXPOSURE LOGSHEET ID = 1010c [ 6] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |10 | 11 | 12 |13 |14| 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line | Seq | Target |Instr | Oper. | Aper |Spectral|Central| Optional |Num| Time | S/N |Flx|Pr| Special Number | Name | Name |Config| Mode |or FOV |Element |Waveln.| Parameters |Exp| |Rel. Time|Ref| | Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 301 USE 1 AT 23-JUN- EINPOS3 94:13:00:00 +/- 1H CRIT OBS Comments: LINES 301 AND 302 SHOULD BE SCHEDULED IN CONSECUTIVE ORBITS. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 302 USE 1 AT 23-JUN- EINPOS3 94:15:00:00 +/- 1H CRIT OBS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 303 USE 1 AT 25-JUN- EINPOS3 94:14:00:00 +/- 12H CRIT OBS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 304 USE 1 CHECK31 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 305 USE 1 CHECK32 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Summary Form for Proposal 1010c [ 7] Item Used in this proposal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Configurations FGS ^ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Opmodes POS ^ TRANS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Optional Parameters DATA-RATE=32 ACQ-DIST=5 DATA-RATE=32 SCANS=10 STEP-SIZE=1.5 ACQ-MODE=SEARCH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Proposal for GTO/AST ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ S/C Hours 4.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Scientific Category SOLAR SYSTEM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Scientific Sub-category ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Special Requirements ORIENT 81D+/-0.3D; SEQ 50-59 NON-INT; POS TARG +36, +63; SAME POS FOR 51-59 AS 50; SAME ORIENT FOR 51-59 AS 50; ORIENT 81D +/- 0.3D; POS TARG +272, -125; AT 21-JUN-94 14 00 00 +/- 12H; CRIT OBS; CYCLE 4 / 300-305; SEQ 300-305 WITHIN 5D AT 23-JUN-94 13 00 00 +/- 1H; AT 23-JUN-94 15 00 00 +/- 1H; AT 25-JUN-94 14 00 00 +/- 12H; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spectral Elements PUPIL ^ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Target Names EIN1 EIN2-REF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------